Disruption, Embedded. A Polanyian Framing of the Platform Economy

Authors

  • Gernot Grabher Research Unit Urban and Regional Economics, HafenCity University Hamburg http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2911-9254
  • Jonas König Institute for Urban and Regional Planning, Technical University Berlin http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4173-7108

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.1971-8853/10443

Keywords:

Platform economy, sharing economy, Karl Polanyi, embeddedness, performativity

Abstract

Digital platforms disrupt – not just incumbent industries, but also academic imaginations about the future course of capitalism. While some scholars envision the next great transformation towards the ultimate marketization, others anticipate a post-capitalism based on digitally revitalized notions of community and reciprocity. Starting from this controversy, the article advances a Polanyian perspective to push beyond the ostensibly antagonistic dynamics of more or less market. More specifically, the emergence of digital platforms is perceived from the angle of three key drivers that propelled the great transformation towards marketization: technology, science, state. While the break-through of marketization, in Polanyi’s view, was prompted by the steam engine, the emergence of platforms is driven by the digital infrastructures of cloud computing, big data and algorithms; and while markets were scientifically legitimized by economics, platforms deploy network theories that, through their far-reaching application, perform social reality. Just like markets, however, platforms are nothing natural, but are objects of ongoing political contestations that forge the embedding of the platform economy into the regulatory framework of society.

References

Altman, E., Nagle, F., & Tushman, M. (2019). Managed Ecosystems and Translucent Institutional Logics: Engaging Communities. Harvard Business School Strategy Unit Working Paper, 19-096, 1–46. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/cb08/ecbab870f0fdfcaf4f63500270a4e6e1e594.pdf

Andersson, S.J. (2017). Platform Logic: An Interdisciplinary Approach to the Platform-Based Economy. Policy & Internet, 9(4), 374–394. https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.159

Aulenbacher, B., Bärnthaler, R., & Novy, A. (2019). Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation, and Contemporary Capitalism. Österreichische Zeitschrift für Soziologie, 44(2), 105–113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11614-019-00341-8

Barber, B. (1995). All Economies are “Embedded”: The Career of a Concept, and Beyond. Social Research, 62(2), 387–413. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40971098

Beckert, J. (2003). Economic Sociology and Embeddedness: How Shall We Conceptualize Economic Action?. Journal of Economic Issues, 37(3), 769–787. https://doi.org/10.1080/00213624.2003.11506613

Belk, R. (2015). You Are What You Can Access: Sharing and Collaborative Consumption Online. Journal of Business Research, 67(8), 1595–1600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2013.10.001

Benkler, Y. (2004). Sharing Nicely: On Shareable Goods and the Emergence of Sharing as a Modality of Economic Production. Yale Law Journal, 114(2), 273–358. https://doi.org/10.2307/4135731.

Beraldo, D., & Milan, S. (2019). From Data Politics to the Contentious Politics of Data. Big Data & Society, 6(2), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951719885967

Berndt, C., Rantisi, N.M., & Peck, J. (2020a). M/market Frontiers. Environment and Planning A, 52(1), 14–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X19891833

Berndt, C., Werner, M., & Fernández, V.R. (2020b). Postneoliberalism as Institutional Recalibration: Reading Polanyi through Argentina’s Soy Boom. Environment and Planning A, 52(1), 216–236. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X19825657

Block, F. (2001). Introduction to The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time. Boston: Beacon Press.

Block, F. (2003). Karl Polanyi and the Writing of The Great Transformation. Theory and Society, 32(3), 275–306. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024420102334

Block, F., & Somers, M.R. (2017). Karl Polanyi in an Age of Uncertainty. Contemporary Sociology, 46(4), 379–392. https://doi.org/10.1177/0094306117714499

Bogost, I., & Montfort, N. (2009). Platform Studies: Frequently Questioned Answers. UC Irvine Digital Arts and Culture. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/01r0k9br.

Botsman, R., & Rogers, R. (2010). What’s Mine is Yours: How Collaborative Consumption is Changing the Way We Live. London: Collins.

Boyle, J. (2003). The Second Enclosure Movement and the Construction of the Public Domain. Law and Contemporary Problems, 66(1/2), 33–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.470983

Brie, M., & Thomasberger, C. (2018). Karl Polanyi’s Vision of a Socialist Transformation. Montreal: Black Rose Books.

Bucher, T., & Helmond, A. (2018). The Affordances of Social Media Platforms. In J. Burgess, A. Marwick, & T. Poell (Eds.), The Sage Handbook of Social Media (pp. 233–353). London: Sage.

Burawoy, M. (2003). For a Sociological Marxism: The Complementary Convergence of Antonio Gramsci and Karl Polanyi. Politics and Society, 31(2), 193–261. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032329203252270

Burawoy, M. (2007). Public Sociology vs. the Market. Socio-Economic Review, 5(2), 319–367. https://doi.org/10.1093/ser/mwl031

Burawoy, M. (2014). Marxism after Polanyi. In M. Williams & V. Satgar (Eds.), Marxisms in the 21st century (pp. 35–52). Johannesburg: Wits University Press.

Burkus, D. (2018). How to Hack Networking. TEDx Talk. University of Nevada. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xFrqZjIDE44

Burt, R.S., & Ronchi, D. (2007). Teaching Executives to See Social Capital. Results from a Field Experiment. Social Science Research, 36(3), 1156–1183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2006.09.005

Butollo, F. (2019). Data, Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Industrial Platforms in Global Value Chains. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society for Socioeconomics (SASE). New York, June 27th-29th, 2019.

Çalışkan, K., & Callon, M. (2009). Economization, Part 1: Shifting Attention from the Economy towards Processes of Economization. Economy and Society, 38(3), 369–398. https://doi.org/10.1080/03085140903020580

Callon, M. (Ed.). (1998). The Laws of the Markets. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.

Callon, M. (2007). What Does It Mean to Say That Economics Is Performative?. In D. MacKenzie, F. Muniesa, & L. Siu (Eds.), Do Economists Make Markets? On the Performativity of Economics (pp. 311–357). Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Cangiani, M. (2011). Karl Polanyi’s Institutional Theory: Market Society and Its “Disembedded” Economy. Journal of Economic Issues, 45(1), 177–198. https://doi.org/10.2753/JEI0021-3624450110

Cardon, D. (2020). What are Digital Reputation Measures Worth?. In D. Stark (Ed.), The Performance Complex: Competitions and Valuations in Social Life. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Castells, M. (1996). The Rise of the Network Society. Chichester: Blackwell.

Cheney-Lippold, J. (2017). We Are Data: Algorithms and The Making of Our Digital Selves. New York: NYU Press.

Cohen, J.E. (2019). Surveillance Capitalism as Legal Entrepreneurship. Surveillance & Society, 17(1/2), 240–245. https://doi.org/10.24908/ss.v17i1/2.13144

Cohen, J.E. (2020). Between Truth and Power: The Legal Constructions of Informational Capitalism. New York: Oxford University Press.

Couldry, N., & Mejias, U.A. (2018). Data Colonialism: Rethinking Big Data’s Relation to the Contemporary Subject. Television & New Media, 20(4), 336–349. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527476418796632

Crain, M. (2018). The Limits of Transparency: Data Brokers and Commodification. New Media & Society, 20(1), 88–104. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444816657096

Crommelin, L., Troy, L., & Martin, C. (2018). Is Airbnb a Sharing Economy Superstar? Evidence from Five Global Cities. Urban Research and Policy, 36(4), 429–444. https://doi.org/10.1080/08111146.2018.1460722

Dale, G. (2010). Social Democracy, Embeddedness and Decommodification: On the Conceptual Innovations and Intellectual Affiliations of Karl Polanyi. New Political Economy, 15(3), 369–393. https://doi.org/10.1080/13563460903290920

Dale, G. (2016). Reconstructing Karl Polanyi. Excavation and Critique. London: Pluto.

Deutschmann, C. (2019). Disembedded Markets. Economic Theology and Global Capitalism. Abingdon: Routledge.

Dobusch, L. (2019). Dynamics of the Sharing Economy between Commons and Commodification. Momentum Quarterly, 8(2), 109–115. https://doi.org/10.15203/momentumquarterly.vol8.no2.p109-115

Ebner, A. (2015). Marketization: Theoretical Reflections Building on the Perspectives of Polanyi and Habermas. Review of Political Economy, 27(3), 369–389. https://doi.org/10.1080/09538259.2015.1072315

Evans, P.C., & Gawer, A. (2016). The Rise of the Platform Enterprise: A Global Survey. The Emerging Platform Economy Series, 1, 1–30. https://www.thecge.net/app/uploads/2016/01/PDF-WEB-Platform-Survey_01_12.pdf

Evans, D.S., & Schmalensee, R. (2016). Matchmakers: The New Economics of Multisided Platforms. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business Review Press.

Fisher, E., & Mehozay, Y. (2019). How Algorithms See Their Audience: Media Epistemes and the Changing Conception of the Individual. Media, Culture & Society, 41(8), 1176–1191. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443719831598

Fitzmaurice, C.J., Ladegaard, I., Attwood-Charles, W., Cansoy, M., Carfagna, L.B., Schor, J.B., & Wengronowitz, R. (2020). Domesticating the Market: Moral Exchange and the Sharing Economy. Socio-Economic Review, 18(1), 81–102. https://doi.org/10.1093/ser/mwy003

Frenken, K., & Schor, J.B. (2017). Putting the Sharing Economy into Perspective. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 23, 3–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2017.01.003

Fuchs, C. (2017). Digital Labour and Karl Marx. Abingdon: Routledge.

Gane, N. (2012). The Governmentalities of Neoliberalism: Panopticism, Post-Panopticism, and Beyond. The Sociological Review, 60(4), 611–634. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954X.2012.02126.x

Gawer, A., & Cusumano, M.A. (2014). Industry Platforms and Ecosystem Innovation. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 31(3), 417–433. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpim.12105

Gemici, K. (2008). Karl Polanyi and the Antinomies of Embeddedness. Socio-Economic Review, 6(1), 5–33. https://doi.org/10.1093/ser/mwl034

Gillespie, T. (2010). The Politics of “Platforms.” New Media & Society, 12(3), 347–364. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444809342738

Gillespie, T. (2018). Custodians of the Internet: Platforms, Content Moderation, and the Hidden Decisions that Shape Social Media. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Grabher, G., & König, J. (2017). Performing Network Theory? Reflexive Relationship Management on Social Network Sites. In B. Hollstein, W. Matiaske, & K.-U. Schnapp (Eds.), Networked Governance (pp. 121–140). Cham: Springer International Publishing.

Grabher, G., & van Tuijl, E. (2020). Uber-Production. From Global Networks to Digital Platforms. Environment and Planning A, 52. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X20916507

Granovetter, M. (1973). The Strength of Weak Ties. American Journal of Sociology, 78(6), 1360–1380. https://doi.org/10.1086/225469

Granovetter, M. (1985). Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology, 91(3), 481–510. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2780199

Hagiu, A., & Rothman, S. (2016). Network Effects Aren’t Enough. Harvard Business Review, 94(4), 65–71. https://hbr.org/2016/04/network-effects-arent-enough

Hagiu, A., & Wright, J. (2015). Multi-Sided Platforms. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 43, 162–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijindorg.2015.03.003

Hardin, G. (1968). The Tragedy of the Commons. Science, 162(3859), 1243–1248. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.162.3859.1243

Hechter, M. (1981). Karl Polanyi’s Social Theory: A Critique. Politics & Society, 10(4), 399–429. https://doi.org/10.1177/003232928101000402

Helmond, A. (2015). The Platformization of the Web: Making Web Data Platform Ready. Social Media + Society, 1(2), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305115603080

Hodgson, G.M. (2017). Karl Polanyi on Economy and Society: A Critical Analysis of Core Concepts. Review of Social Economy, 75(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/00346764.2016.1171385

Hühn, M.P. (2019). Adam Smith’s Philosophy of Science: Economics as Moral Imagination. Journal of Business Ethics, 155, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3548-9

Jacobides, M., Cennamo, C., & Gawer, A. (2018). Towards a Theory of Ecosystems. Strategic Management Journal, 39(8), 2255–2276. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2904

Jessop, B. (2007). Knowledge as a Fictitious Commodity. In A. Bugra & K. Agartan (Eds.), Reading Karl Polanyi for the 21st Century (pp. 115–134). Basingstoke: Palgrave.

Jessop, B., & Sum, N.L. (2019). Polanyi: Classical Moral Economist or Pioneer Cultural Political Economist?. Österreichische Zeitschrift für Soziologie, 44(2), 153–167. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11614-019-00338-3

Just, N. (2018). Governing Online Platforms: Competition Policy in Times of Platformization. Telecommunications Policy, 42(5), 386–394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2018.02.006

Kenney, M., & Zysman, J. (2016). The Rise of the Platform Economy. Issues in Science and Technology, 32(3), 61–69. https://issues.org/the-rise-of-the-platform-economy/

Kenney, M., Bearson, D., & Zysman, J. (2019). The Platform Economy Matures: Pervasive Power, Private Regulation, and Dependent Entrepreneurs. BRIE Working Paper 2019-11.

Kirchner, S., & Schüßler, E. (2020). Regulating the Sharing Economy: A Field Perspective. Research in the Sociology of Organizations, 66, 215–236. https://doi.org/10.1108/S0733-558X20200000066010

Kornberger, M., Pflueger, D., & Mouritsen, J. (2017). Evaluative Infrastructures: Accounting for Platform Organizations. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 60, 79–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2017.05.002

Krippner, G. (2001). The Elusive Market. Embeddedness and the Paradigm of Economic Sociology. Theory and Society, 30(6), 775–810. https://www.jstor.org/stable/658117

Krippner, G., & Alvarez, A. (2007). Embeddedness and the Intellectual Projects of Economic Sociology. Annual Review of Sociology, 33, 219–240. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.33.040406.131647

Lan, S., Liu, K., & Dong, Y. (2019). Dancing with Wolves: How Value Creation and Value Capture Dynamics Affect Complementor Participation in Industry Platforms. Industry and Innovation, 26(8), 943–963. https://doi.org/10.1080/13662716.2019.1598339

Langley, P., & Leyshon, A. (2017a). Platform Capitalism: The Intermediation and Capitalisation of Digital Economic Circulation. Finance and Society, 2(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.2218/finsoc.v3i1.1936

Langley P., & Leyshon, A. (2017b). Capitalizing on the Crowd: The Monetary and Financial Ecologies of Crowdfunding. Environment and Planning A, 49(5), 1019–1039. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X16687556

Langthaler, E., & Schüßler, E. (2019). Commodity Studies with Polanyi: Disembedding and Re-Embedding Labour and Land in Capitalism. Österreichische Zeitschrift für Soziologie, 44, 209–223. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11614-019-00339-2

Leigh Star, S. (1999). The Ethnography of Infrastructure. American Behavioral Scientist, 43(3), 377–391. https://doi.org/10.1177/00027649921955326

Lury, C., & Day, S.E. (2019). Algorithmic Personalization as a Mode of Individuation. Theory, Culture and Society, 36(2), 17–37. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276418818888

Mair, J., & Reischauer, G. (2017). Capturing the Dynamics of the Sharing Economy: Institutional Research on the Plural Forms and Practices of Sharing Economy Organizations. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 125, 11–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2017.05.023

Martin, C.J. (2016). The Sharing Economy: A Pathway to Sustainability or a Nightmarish Form of Neoliberal Capitalism? Ecological Economics, 121, 149–159. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2015.11.027

McPherson, M., Smith-Lovin, L., & Cook, J. (2001). Birds of a Feather: Homophily in Social Networks. Annual Review of Sociology, 27, 415–444. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.415

Mejias, U.A. (2010). The Limits of Networks as Models for Organizing the Social. New Media and Society, 12(4), 603–617. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444809341392

Muellerleile, C. (2013). Turning Financial Markets Inside Out: Polanyi, Performativity and Disembeddedness. Environment and Planning A, 45(7), 1625–1642. https://doi.org/10.1068/a45610

Murillo, D., Buckland, H., & Val, E. (2017). When the Sharing Economy Becomes Neoliberalism on Steroids: Unravelling the Controversies. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 125, 66–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2017.05.024

North, D.C. (1977). Markets and Other Allocation Systems in History: The Challenge of Karl Polanyi. Journal of European Economic History, 6(3), 703–716. Available at https://community.plu.edu/~315j06/doc/markets-other.pdf

Pais, I., & Provasi, G. (2015). Sharing Economy: A Step towards the Re-Embeddedness of the Economy? Stato e Mercato, 3, 347–378. https://doi.org/10.1425/81604

Parker, G., van Alstyne, M., & Choudary, S.P. (2016). Platform Revolution: How Networked Markets are Transforming the Economy. And How to Make Them Work for You. New York: Norton & Company.

Pasquale, F. (2017). Two Narratives of Platform Capitalism. Yale Law & Policy Review, 35(1), 309–319. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3002529

Peck, J. (2005). Economic Sociologies in Space. Economic Geography, 81(2), 129–175. https://www.jstor.org/stable/30033012

Peck, J. (2013a). Disembedding Polanyi: Exploring Polanyian Economic Geographies. Environment and Planning A, 45(7), 1536–1544. https://doi.org/10.1068/a46253

Peck, J. (2013b). For Polanyian Economic Geographies. Environment and Planning A, 45(7), 1545–1568. https://doi:10.1068/a45236

Plantin, J., & Punathambekar, A. (2019). Digital Media Infrastructures: Pipes, Platforms, and Politics. Media, Culture & Society, 41(2), 163–174. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443718818376

Polanyi, K. (1957). The Great Transformation. Boston: Beacon Press.

Polanyi, K. (1977). The Livelihood of Man. New York: Academic Press.

Polanyi Levitt, K. (Ed.). (1990). The Life and Work of Karl Polanyi. Montréal: Black Rose Books.

Polanyi Levitt, K. (2019). On Transformations: Past, Present and Future?. Österreichische Zeitschrift für Soziologie, 44, 115–128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11614-019-00342-7

Powell, W.W. (1990). Neither Market nor Hierarchy: Network Forms of Organization. Research in Organizational Behavior, 12, 295–336. Available at http://www.uvm.edu/pdodds/files/papers/others/1990/powell1990a.pdf

Rankin, K.N. (2013). Polanyian Pedagogies in Planning and Economic Geography. Environment and Planning A, 45(7), 1660–1655. https://doi.org/10.1068/a45582

Reischauer, G., & Mair, J. (2018). How Organizations Strategically Govern Online Communities: Lessons from the Sharing Economy. Academy of Management Discoveries, 4(3), 220–247. https://doi.org/10.5465/amd.2016.0164

Reuver, M. de, Sørensen, C., & Basole, R.C. (2018). The Digital Platform: A Research Agenda. Journal of Information Technology, 33, 124–135. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41265-016-0033-3

Rietveld, J., Schilling, M., & Bellavitis, C. (2019). Platform Strategy: Managing Ecosystem Value through Selective Promotion of Complements. Organization Science, 30(6), 1232–1251. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3061424

Rochet, J.-C., & Tirole, J. (2003). Platform Competition in Two-sided Markets. Journal of the European Economic Association, 1(4), 990–1029. https://doi.org/10.1162/154247603322493212

Rochet, J.-C., & Tirole, J. (2006). Two-sided Markets. A Progress Report. The RAND Journal of Economics, 37(3), 645–667. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25046265

Rose, N., O’Malley, P., & Valverde, M. (2006). Governmentality. Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 2, 83–104.

Sampere, J.P.V. (2016). Why Platform Disruption Is So Much Bigger than Product Disruption. Harvard Business Review, 4, 22–25. https://hbr.org/2016/04/why-platform-disruption-is-so-much-bigger-than-product-disruption

Schor, J.B., & Cansoy, M. (2019). The Sharing Economy. In F.F. Wherry, & I. Woodward (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Consumption (pp. 51–74). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Schwarz, O. (2019). Facebook Rules: Structures of Governance in Digital Capitalism and the Control of Generalized Social Capital. Theory, Culture & Society, 6(4), 117–141. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276419826249

Smith, A. (1999). The Wealth of Nations. London: Penguin Books. (Original work published 1776).

Srnicek, N. (2017). Platform Capitalism. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Stabrowski, F. (2017). “People as businesses”: Airbnb and Urban Micro-Entrepreneurialism in New York City. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 10(2), 327–347. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsx004

Strathern, M. (2000). The Tyranny of Transparency. British Educational Research Journal, 26(3), 309–321. https://doi.org/10.1080/713651562

Teece, D. (2018). Profiting from Innovation in the Digital Economy: Enabling Technologies, Standards, and Licensing Models in the Wireless World. Research Policy, 47(8), 1367–1387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2017.01.015

The Economist (2019). A Planetary Panopticon. September 14.

The Economist (2020a). Alphabet Joins the $1trn Club. January 17.

The Economist (2020b). How to Make Sense of the Latest Tech Surge. February 20.

Thompson, E.P. (1963). The Making of the English Working Class. New York: Pantheon Books.

Uber Technologies (2019). Community Guidelines. https://www.uber.com/legal/community-guidelines/us-en/

Van Alstyne, M., Parker, W., & Choudary, S. (2016). Pipelines, Platforms, and the New Rules of Strategy. Harvard Business Review, 94(4), 54–62. https://hbr.org/2016/04/pipelines-platforms-and-the-new-rules-of-strategy

Van Alstyne, M., & Parker, G. (2017). Platform Business: From Resources to Relationships. Platform Business, 9(1), 25–29. https://doi.org/10.1515/gfkmir-2017-0004

van Dijck, J. (2013). The Culture of Connectivity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

van Dijck, J., van, Poell, T., & de Waal, M. (2018). The Platform Society: Public Values in a Connective World. New York: Oxford University Press.

Walker, R. (2013). The Two Karls, or Reflections on Karl Polanyi’s “The Great Transformation.” Environment and Planning A, 45(7), 1662–1670. https://doi.org/10.1068/a45583

Weyl, E.G. (2010). A Price Theory of Multi-Sided Platforms. The American Economic Review, 100(4), 1642–1672. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.100.4.1642

Wittel, A. (2011). Toward a Network Sociality. Theory, Culture and Society, 18(6), 51–76. https://doi.org/10.1177/026327601018006003

Woodcock, J., & Johnson, M.R. (2018). Gamification: What It Is, and How to Fight It. The Sociological Review, 66(3), 542–558. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038026117728620

Zuboff, S. (2019). The Age of Surveillance Capitalism. The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power. New York: PublicAffairs.

Downloads

Published

2020-05-20

How to Cite

Grabher, G., & König, J. (2020). Disruption, Embedded. A Polanyian Framing of the Platform Economy. Sociologica, 14(1), 95–118. https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.1971-8853/10443

Issue

Section

Essays