SARS-COV-2 and the (Dark) Future of Society: A Machiavellian Approach to the End of Body Sovereignty and the Beginning of Bio-Feudalism
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.1971-8853/11420Keywords:
SARS-COV-2, Machiavelli, body sovereignty, feudalism, scientism, dystopiaAbstract
As much as the event following 9/11 triggered massive changes in our understanding of privacy rights and increased our level of acceptance of government infringement on individuals’ freedom, the pandemic of the SARS-COV-2 is threatening to change our understanding of societal hierarchy and democratic process. In this essay, we imagine a society where two classes, defined by their susceptibility to infection, emerge, and a neo-feudal system is established. We suggest that it is possible to evaluate how likely a dystopian outcome is by using Machiavelli’s understanding of the impact of the Plague on medieval Florence. We also recommend following his advice to avoid such a drift by reaffirming the primacy of politics over scientism.
References
Aberth, J. (2016). The Black Death: The Great Mortality of 1348-1350: A Brief History with Documents. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US.
Akins, J.K., & Winfree Jr, L.T. (2016). Social Learning Theory and Becoming a Terrorist: New Challenges for a General Theory. In G. LaFree & J.D. Freilich (Eds.), The Handbook of the Criminology of Terrorism (pp. 133–149). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons
Alfani, G. (2013). Plague in Seventeenth-Century Europe and the Decline of Italy: An Epidemiological Hypothesis. European Review of Economic History, 17(4), 408–430. https://doi.org/10.1093/ereh/het013
Antonio, R.J., & Brulle, R.J. (2011). The Unbearable Lightness of Politics: Climate Change Denial and Political Polarization. The Sociological Quarterly, 52(2), 195–202. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.2011.01199.x
Atkeson, A. (2020). What Will Be the Economic Impact of COVID-19 in the US? Rough Estimates of Disease Scenarios. Working Paper No. w26867. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w26867
Banks, C.P. (2009). National Security Letters and Diminishing Privacy Rights. In M.J. Morgan (Eds.), The Impact of 9/11 and the New Legal Landscape. The Day that Changed Everything? (pp. 91–102). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230100053_7
Barrios, J.M., & Hochberg, Y. (2020). Risk Perception through the Lens of Politics in the Time of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Working Paper No. w27008. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27008
Beiner, R. (1992). What’s the Matter with Liberalism?. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Bloch, M. (2014). Feudal Society. London, UK: Routledge Classics. (Original work published 1939).
Bloss, W. (2007). Escalating US Police Surveillance after 9/11: An Examination of Causes and Effects. Surveillance & Society, 4(3), 208–228. https://doi.org/10.24908/ss.v4i3.3448
Boccaccio, G. (2019). The Decameron of Giovanni Boccaccio. Glasgow, UK: Good Press. (Original work published 1350).
Body-Gendrot, S. (2010). European Policies of Social Control Post-9/11. Social Research: An International Quarterly, 77(1), 181–204. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/528019
Borum, R. (2010). Understanding Terrorist Psychology. In A. Silke (Ed.), The Psychology of Counter-Terrorism (pp. 19–33). Oxon, UK: Routledge.
Bossong, R. (2012). The Evolution of EU Counter-Terrorism: European Security Policy after 9/11. London, UK: Routledge.
Briscese, G., Lacetera, N., Macis, M., & Tonin, M. (2020). Expectations, Reference Points, and Compliance with COVID-19 Social Distancing Measures. Working Paper No. w26916. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w26916
Caferro, W. (2013). Petrarch’s War: Florentine Wages and the Black Death. Speculum, 88(1), 144–165. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003871341300050X
Capurro, G., Greenberg, J., Dubé, E., & Driedger, S.M. (2018). Measles, Moral Regulation and the Social Construction of Risk: Media Narratives of “Anti-Vaxxers” and the 2015 Disneyland Outbreak. Canadian Journal of Sociology, 43(1), 25–48. https://doi.org/10.29173/cjs29301
Carmichael, A.G. (1983). Plague Legislation in the Italian Renaissance. Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 57(4), 508–525. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44443062
Carmichael, A.G. (2014). Plague and the Poor in Renaissance Florence. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Cavoukian, A. (2017). Global Privacy and Security, by Design: Turning the “Privacy vs. Security” Paradigm on Its Head. Health and Technology, 7, 329–333. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12553-017-0207-1
Chanley, V.A. (2002). Trust in Government in the Aftermath of 9/11: Determinants and Consequences. Political Psychology, 23(3), 469–483. https://doi.org/10.1111/0162-895X.00294
Chroust, A.-H. (1947). The Corporate Idea and the Body Politic in the Middle Ages. The Review of Politics, 9(4), 423–452. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0034670500039486
Cohen, F., Ogilvie, D.M., Solomon, S., Greenberg, J., & Pyszczynski, T. (2005). American Roulette: The Effect of Reminders of Death on Support for George W. Bush in the 2004 Presidential Election. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 5(1), 177–187. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-2415.2005.00063.x
Cohn JR, S.K. (2008). 4 Epidemiology of the Black Death and Successive Waves of Plague. Medical History, 52(S27), 74–100. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025727300072100
Colish, M.L. (1971). The Idea of Liberty in Machiavelli. Journal of the History of Ideas, 32(3), 323–350. https://doi.org/10.2307/2708350
Davis, D.E. (2005). Speaking to the Silences: Do We Need a Sociology for the Post-9-11 World?. International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, 18(3–4), 293–311. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10767-006-9007-8
DeRoo, S.S., Pudalov, N.J., & Fu, L.Y. (2020). Planning for a COVID-19 Vaccination Program. JAMA, 323(24), 2458–2459. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.8711
Duby, G. (1982). The Three Orders: Feudal Society Imagined. Berkeley, CA: University of Chicago Press. (Original work published 1978).
Dunning, J., Thwaites, R.S., & Openshaw, P.J. (2020). Seasonal and Pandemic Influenza: 100 Years of Progress, Still Much to Learn. Mucosal Immunology, 13, 566–573. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41385-020-0287-5
Ecks, S. (2004). Bodily Sovereignty as Political Sovereignty: “Self‐Care” in Kolkata, India. Anthropology & Medicine, 11(1), 75–89. https://doi.org/10.1080/1364847042000204906
El-Sayed, A.M., Scarborough, P., Seemann, L., & Galea, S. (2012). Social Network Analysis and Agent-Based Modeling in Social Epidemiology. Epidemiologic Perspectives & Innovations, 9(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-5573-9-1
Enders, W., & Sandler, T. (2005). After 9/11: Is it All Different Now?. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 49(2), 259–277. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002704272864
Everett, J.A., Colombatto, C., Chituc, V., Brady, W.J., & Crockett, M.J. (2020). The Effectiveness of Moral Messages on Public Health Behavioral Intentions During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Working Paper, PsyArXiv Preprints. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/9yqs8
Feyerabend, P. (2011). The Tyranny of Science. Edited by E. Oberheim. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
Fisher, D.R., Waggle, J., & Leifeld, P. (2013). Where Does Political Polarization Come From? Locating Polarization Within the US Climate Change Debate. American Behavioral Scientist, 57(1), 70–92. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764212463360
Foner, N. (Ed.). (2005). Wounded City: The Social Impact of 9/11 on New York City. New York, USA: Russell Sage Foundation.
Foucault, M. (1990). The History of Sexuality: An Introduction, Vol. I. Translated by R. Hurley. New York, USA: Vintage. (Original work published 1976).
Fox, D. (2007). The Illiberality of “Liberal Eugenics”. Ratio, 20(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9329.2007.00343.x
Franchini, A.F., Auxilia, F., Galimberti, P.M., Piga, M.A., Castaldi, S., & Porro, A. (2020). COVID-19 and Spanish Flu Pandemics: All It Changes, Nothing Changes. Acta Biomedica, 91(2), 245–250. https://doi.org/10.23750/abm.v91i2.9625
Freeman, J. (2009). If Machiavelli Had Been an Emergency Physician. A CJEM Interview. Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine, 11(5), 507–508.
Fuchs, V.R. (2020). Health Care Policy After the COVID-19 Pandemic. JAMA, 324(3), 233–234. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.10777
Gatti, H. (2017). Ideas of Liberty in Early Modern Europe: From Machiavelli to Milton. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Gillon, A. (2020). Fat Indigenous Bodies and Body Sovereignty: An Exploration of Re-presentations. Journal of Sociology, 56(2), 213–228. https://doi.org/10.1177/1440783319893506
Gobo, G. (2020). A Cumulative Book Review of: Conis, E., “Vaccine Nation: America’s Changing Relationship with Immunization”, Chicago: University of Chicago Press 2015. 361 pp. $18(pbk) $18 (ebk) ISBN 978‐0‐22637839‐8; Reich, J.A., “Calling the Shots: Why Parents Reject Vaccines”, New York: New York University Press 2016. 336 pp. $75(cloth) $20.00 (pbk) ISBN 978‐1‐47981279‐0; Holmberg, C., Blume, S. and Greenough, PR (eds), “The Politics of Vaccination: A Global History”, Manchester: Manchester University Press 2017. 360 pp. £96 (cloth) £96 (ebk) ISBN 978-1-5261-1088-6. Sociology of Health & Illness, 42(5), 1220-1223. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9566.13046
Goldsmith, J. (2012). Power and Constraint: The Accountable Presidency After 9/11. New York, USA: WW Norton & Company.
Henderson, J. (2019). Florence Under Siege: Surviving Plague in an Early Modern City. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
Herring, R.J. (2010). Epistemic Brokerage in the Bio-Property Narrative: Contributions to Explaining Opposition to Transgenic Technologies in Agriculture. New Biotechnology, 27(5), 614–622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbt.2010.05.017
Herring, R.J. (2015). Politics of Biotechnology: Ideas, Risk, and Interest in Cases from India. AgBioForum, 18(2), 142–155. <http://www.agbioforum.org/v18n2/v18n2a202-herring.htm.
Irani, O. (2015). The Aftermath: 9/11 and the War on Privacy, Rights and Humanity. Political Analysis, 17(2), 22-45. Available at: https://scholarship.shu.edu/pa/vol17/iss1/2
Jiang, J., Chen, E., Yan, S., Lerman, K., & Ferrara, E. (2020). Political Polarization Drives Online Conversations About COVID‐19 in the United States. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 2(3), 200–211. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.202
Kellner, D. (2015). Media Spectacle and the Crisis of Democracy: Terrorism, War, and Election Battles. London: Routledge.
Kirby, B.N. (2020). Machiavelli and Liberalism. 2020 JHU Richard Macksey National Undergraduate Humanities Research Symposium. 135. https://www.mackseysymposium.org/virtual2020/all/presentations/135
Konstańczak, S. (2013). Retoryka dominacji–polityczne sterowanie nauką. Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa, 49(2–196), 101–115. Available at: http://journals.pan.pl/dlibra/show-content?id=93984&
Kunkel, B. (2008). Dystopia and the End of Politics. Dissent, 55(4), 89–98. https://doi.org/10.1353/dss.2008.0072
Lakoff, G. (2010). Moral Politics: How Liberals and Conservatives Think. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press.
Long, N.J. (2020). From Social Distancing to Social Containment: Reimagining Sociality for the Coronavirus Pandemic. Medicine Anthropology Theory, 7(2), 247–260. https://doi.org/10.17157/mat.7.2.791
Lukes, T.J. (1984). To Bamboozle with Goodness: The Political Advantages of Christianity in the Thought of Machiavelli. Renaissance and Reformation/Renaissance et Réforme, 8(4), 266–277. https://doi.org/10.33137/rr.v20i4.12266
Lyon, D. (2006). Airport Screening, Surveillance, and Social Sorting: Canadian Responses to 9/11 in Context. Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 48(3), 397–411. https://doi.org/10.3138/cjccj.48.3.397
Machiavelli, N. (2008). The Prince. Indianapolis, Indiana: Hackett Publishing. (Original work published 1532).
Machiavelli, N. (2009). Discourses on Livy. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. (Original work published 1531).
Manetti, G., Bellucci, M., & Bagnoli, L. (2017). The Management of the Plague in Florence at the Beginning of the Renaissance: The Role of the Partnership between the Republic and the Confraternita of Misericordia. Accounting History, 22(4), 510–529. https://doi.org/10.1177/1032373217720779
Marres, N., & Stark, D. (2020). Put to the Test: For a New Sociology of Testing. The British Journal of Sociology, 71(3), 423–443. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-4446.12746
McAleer, M. (2020). Prevention Is Better than the Cure: Risk Management of COVID-19. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 13(3), 46. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm13030046
McCright, A.M., & Dunlap, R.E. (2011). The Politicization of Climate Change and Polarization in the American Public’s Views of Global Warming, 2001–2010. The Sociological Quarterly, 52(2), 155–194. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.2011.01198.x
McWhorter, L. (2004). Sex, Race, and Biopower: A Foucauldian Genealogy. Hypatia, 19(3), 38–62. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-2001.2004.tb01301.x
Mohler, G., Bertozzi, A.L., Carter, J., Short, M.B., Sledge, D., Tita, G.E., Uchida, C.D., & Brantingham, P.J. (2020). Impact of Social Distancing during COVID-19 Pandemic on Crime in Los Angeles and Indianapolis. Journal of Criminal Justice, 68, 101692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2020.101692
Morgan, G.S., Wisneski, D.C., & Skitka, L.J. (2011). The Expulsion from Disneyland: The Social Psychological Impact of 9/11. American Psychologist, 66(6), 447–454. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024772
Najemy, J.M. (Ed.). (2010). The Cambridge Companion to Machiavelli. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Nicola, M., Alsafi, Z., Sohrabi, C., Kerwan, A., Al-Jabir, A., Iosifidis, C., Agha, M., & Agha, R. (2020). The Socio-Economic Implications of the Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19): A Review. International Journal of Surgery, 78, 185–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.04.018
Nunes, J. (2020). The COVID-19 Pandemic: Securitization, Neoliberal Crisis, and Global Vulnerabilization. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 36(5), e00063120. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x00063120
Olssen, M. (2008). Globalisation, the Third Way and Education Post 9/11: Building Democratic Citizenship. In M.A. Peters, A. Britton & H. Blee (Eds.), Global Citizenship Education (pp. 261–282). Rotterdam, Boston, Taipei: Brill Sense Publishers.
Orso, D., Federici, N., Copetti, R., Vetrugno, L., & Bove, T. (2020). Infodemic and the Spread of Fake News in the COVID-19-Era. European Journal of Emergency Medicine, 27(5), 327–328. https://doi.org/10.1097/MEJ.0000000000000713
Orum, A.M. (1978). Introduction to Political Sociology: The Social Anatomy of the Body Politic. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Painter, M., & Qiu, T. (2020). Political Beliefs Affect Compliance with Covid-19 Social Distancing Orders. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3569098 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3569098
Palmer, R. (1982). The Church, Leprosy and Plague in Medieval and Early Modern Europe. Studies in Church History, 19, 79–99. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0424208400009311
Parsons, W.B. (2016). Machiavelli’s Gospel: The Critique of Christianity in The Prince. Rochester: University of Rochester Press
Périssé, A.R.S., & Nery, J.A.D.C. (2007). The Relevance of Social Network Analysis on the Epidemiology and Prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 23(S3), S361–S369. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2007001500004
Prosser, A.M.B., Judge, M., Bolderdijk, J.W., Blackwood, L., & Kurz, T. (2020). “Distancers” and “Non‐Distancers”? The Potential Social Psychological Impact of Moralizing COVID‐19 Mitigating Practices on Sustained Behaviour Change. British Journal of Social Psychology, 59(3), 653–662. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12399
Ravich, T.M. (2005). Airline Passenger Profiling Systems After 9/11: Personal Privacy versus National Security. 46th Annual Transportation Research Forum, Washington, D.C., March 6-8, 2005 208191, Transportation Research Forum. https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.208191
Rhoads, J.C., & Smithey, S.I. (2007). Attitudes Toward Privacy and Security Five Years After 9/11. Journal of Human Subjectivity, 5(2), 49–68.
Ridolfi, R. (2013). The Life of Niccolò Machiavelli (Political Science Volume 26). London: Routledge. (Original work published 1963).
Roach, K. (2011). The 9/11 Effect: Comparative Counter-Terrorism. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Rotenberg, M. (2006). The Sui Generis Privacy Agency: How the United States Institutionalized Privacy Oversight After 9-11. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=933690 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.933690
Rothbard, M.N. (1978). For a New Liberty: The Libertarian Manifesto. Aubum, Alabama: Ludwig von Mises Institute.
Roy, R. (2005). Scientism and Technology as Religions. Zygon®. Journal of Religion & Science, 40(4), 835–844. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9744.2005.00711.x
Saint-Paul, G. (2011). The Tyranny of Utility: Behavioral Social Science and the Rise of Paternalism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Scheppele, K.L. (2004). Law in a Time of Emergency: States of Exception and the Temptations of 9/11. University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law, 6(5), 1001–1083. Available at https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1365&context=jcl
Segerstrale, U. (Ed.). (2000). Beyond the Science Wars: The Missing Discourse about Science and Society. , New York, USA: State University of New York Press.
Silk, M.J., Croft, D.P., Delahay, R.J., Hodgson, D.J., Boots, M., Weber, N., & McDonald, R.A. (2017). Using Social Network Measures in Wildlife Disease Ecology, Epidemiology, and Management. BioScience, 67(3), 245–257. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biw175
Silke, A., & Brown, K. (2016). “Radicalisation”: The Transformation of Modern Understanding of Terrorist Origins, Psychology and Motivation. In S. Jayakumar (Ed.), State, Society and National Security: Challenges and Opportunities in the 21st Century (pp. 129–150). Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd.
Spracklen, K. (2015). From Playful Pleasure to Dystopian Control: Marx, Gramsci, Habermas and the Limits of Leisure. Akademisk Kvarter/Acadaemic Quarter, 11, 24–34 https://doi.org/10.5278/ojs.academicquarter.v0i11.2749
Stark, D. (2020). Testing and Being Tested in Pandemic Times. Sociologica, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.1971-8853/10931
Stattner, E., & Vidot, N. (2011). Social Network Analysis in Epidemiology: Current Trends and Perspectives. In VV. AA., 2011 Fifth International Conference on Research Challenges in Information Science (pp. 1–11). New York, USA: IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/RCIS.2011.6006866
Steeves, V. (2019). Theorizing Privacy in a Liberal Democracy: Canadian Jurisprudence, Anti-Terrorism, and Social Memory After 9/11. Theoretical Inquiries in Law, 20(1), 323–341. https://www.researchgate.net/deref/http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1515%2Ftil-2019-0011
Stenico, M. (2018). The Political Use of Science: The Historical Case of Soviet Cosmology. In P. Barrotta & G. Scarafile (Eds.), Science and Democracy (pp. 165–184). Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamins. https://doi.org/10.1075/cvs.13.11ste
Stenmark, M. (2017). Scientism: Science, Ethics and Religion. London: Routledge.
Stott, C., West, O., & Harrison, M. (2020). A Turning Point, Securitization, and Policing in the Context of Covid-19: Building a New Social Contract Between State and Nation?. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, 14(3), 574–578. https://doi.org/10.1093/police/paaa021
Sullivan, J.L., & Hendriks, H. (2009). Public Support for Civil Liberties Pre- and Post-9/11. Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 5, 375–391. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.lawsocsci.093008.131525
Sullivan, V.B. (2006). Machiavelli, Hobbes, and the Formation of a Liberal Republicanism in England. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Thompson, B.G. (2005). The National Counterterrorism Center: Foreign and Domestic Intelligence Fusion and the Potential Threat to Privacy. Pittsburgh Journal of Technology Law & Policy, 6, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.5195/tlp.2006.19
Thunstrom, L., Ashworth, M., Finnoff, D., & Newbold, S. (2020). Hesitancy Towards a COVID-19 Vaccine and Prospects for Herd Immunity. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3593098 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3593098
Todorov, T. (2001). Totalitarianism: Between Religion and Science. Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions, 2(1), 28–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/714005440
Tufan, E. (2017). A Theory of Dystopian Liberalism (Doctoral dissertation, University of Oxford).
Turda, M. (2006). “A New Religion”? Eugenics and Racial Scientism in Pre‐First World War Hungary. Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions, 7(3), 303–325. https://doi.org/10.1080/14690760600819481
Turner, I. (2020). Conceptualising a Protection of Liberal Constitutionalism Post 9/11: An Emphasis upon Rights in the Social Contract Philosophy of Thomas Hobbes. The International Journal of Human Rights, 24(10), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2020.1725745
Vanderslott, S. (2019). Exploring the Meaning of Pro-Vaccine Activism Across Two Countries. Social Science & Medicine, 222, 59–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.12.033
Vasylyeva, T.I., Friedman, S.R., Paraskevis, D., & Magiorkinis, G. (2016). Integrating Molecular Epidemiology and Social Network Analysis to Study Infectious Diseases: Towards a Socio-Molecular Era for Public Health. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 46, 248–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2016.05.042
Viroli, M. (2002). Niccolò's Smile: A Biography of Machiavelli. New York, USA: Hill & Wang Pub.
Warwick, S. (2014). Does Post‐9/11 Equal Post‐Privacy?. Bulletin of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 40(2), 32–34. https://doi.org/10.1002/bult.2014.1720400210
Westin, A.F. (2003). Social and Political Dimensions of Privacy. Journal of Social Issues, 59(2), 431–453. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-4560.00072
Wilson, A. (2015). Our Coming in Stories: Cree Identity, Body Sovereignty and Gender Self-Determination. Journal of Global Indigeneity, 1(1), 4, 1–5. Available at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/jgi/vol1/iss1/4
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Andrea Molle
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
