Preparedness Indicators: Measuring the Condition of Global Health Security
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.1971-8853/13604Keywords:
Preparedness, Covid-19, indicators, measurement, health securityAbstract
One year before the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic, the Global Health Security Index (GHSI) ranked the United States first in the world in preparedness for the outbreak of a novel infectious disease. In turn, a number observers have asked why the US, despite this high ranking, proved to be so ill-prepared for the pandemic. This article argues that we should, rather, pose a different question about the significance of the GHSI: We should ask what “health security” meant from the perspective of this comparative index, and how it was formulated as a measurable condition. The article examines why this system for measuring and comparing pandemic preparedness among different countries was developed in the first place, what its goals were, and how these goals directed the attention of the index toward measuring certain capabilities and not others as keys to calculating and comparing levels of national readiness.
References
Alder, K. (1998). Making Things the Same: Representation, Tolerance, and the End of the Ancien Régime in France. Social Studies of Science, 28(4), 499–545. https://doi.org/10.1177/030631298028004001
Alltucker, K. & Hauck, G. (2020). Trump Addressed the Nation on Coronavirus. We Checked the Facts. USA Today, 26 February. https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2020/02/26/coronavirus-trump-addresses-nation-amid-first-case-community-spread/4883728002/
Center for Health Security and Nuclear Threat Initiative. (2019). Global Health Security Index. https://www.nti.org/about/programs-projects/project/global-health-security-index/
Collier, S.J. & Lakoff, A. (2021). The Government of Emergency: Vital Systems, Expertise, and the Politics of Security. Princeton: Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780691228884
Collier, S.J. & Ong, A. (2005). Global Assemblages, Anthropological Problems. In A. Ong & S.J. Collier (Eds.), Global Assemblages: Technology, Politics, and Ethics as Anthropological Problems. Malden: Blackwell.
De Goede, M. & Sullivan, G. (2016). The Politics of Security Lists. Environment and Planning D -- Society and Space, 34(1), 67–88. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263775815599309
Department of Homeland Security. (2005). Interim National Preparedness Goal. https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=455391
Ferguson, J. (1994). The Anti-Politics Machine: Development, Depoliticization, and Bureaucratic Power in Lesotho. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Fidler, D. (2005). From International Sanitary Regulations to Global Health Security: The New International Health Regulations. Chinese Journal of International Law, 4(2), 325–392. https://doi.org/10.1093/chinesejil/jmi029
Frieden, T. (2014). Why Global Health Security is Imperative. The Atlantic, 13 February. https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2014/02/why-global-health-security-is-imperative/283765/
Global Health Security Agenda. (2015). General Presentation. https://www.slideshare.net/stmslide/ghsa-july2015-final
Gostin, L.O. (2014). Ebola: Towards an International Health Systems Fund. The Lancet, 384(9951), e49–e51. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61345-3
Harris, I. (1958). Lessons Learned from Operations Alert 1955–1957. Lecture to the Industrial College of the Armed Forces, Washington DC, 30 April, 1958.
Heymann, D.L. & Rodier, G. (2004). Global Surveillance, National Surveillance, and SARS. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(2), 173–175. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1002.031038
Jasanoff, S., Hilgartner, S., Hurlbut, J.B., Özgöde, O., & Rayzberg, M. (2021). Comparative Covid Response: Crisis, Knowledge, Politics: Interim Report, January. Harvard Kennedy School. https://www.ingsa.org/covidtag/covid-19-commentary/jasanoff-schmidt/
King, N. (2002). Security, Disease, Commerce: Ideologies of Postcolonial Global Health. Social Studies of Science, 32(5-6), 763–789. https://doi.org/10.1177/030631270203200507
Kristof, N. (2020). America and the Virus: A Colossal Failure of Leadership. New York Times, 22 October. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/22/opinion/sunday/coronavirus-united-states.html
Lakoff, A. (2017). Unprepared: Global Health in a Time of Emergency. Berkeley: University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520968417
Li, T.M. (2007). The Will to Improve: Governmentality, Development, and the Practice of Politics. Durham: Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780822389781
Luhmann, N. (1998). Observations on Modernity (W. Whobrey, Trans.). Palo Alto: Stanford University Press. (Original work published 1992)
Mahajan, M. (2021). Casualties of Preparedness: The Global Health Security Index and Covid-19. International Journal of Law in Context, 17(2), 204–214. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1744552321000288
Nature. (2014). Editorial: First Response, Revisited. 513, 459. https://doi.org/10.1038/513459a
Opitz, S. (2015). Regulating Epidemic Space: The Nomos of Global Circulation. Journal of International Relations and Development, 19(2), 263–284. https://doi.org/10.1057/jird.2014.30
Porter, T.M. (2015). The Flight of the Indicator. In R. Rottenberg, S.E. Merry, S.-J. Park, & J. Mugler (Eds.), The World of Indicators: The Making of Governmental Knowledge through Quantification (pp. 34–55). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316091265.002
Rabinow, P. (2003). Anthropos Today: Reflections on Modern Equipment. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Rottenberg, R. & Merry, S.E. (2015). A World of Indicators. In R. Rottenberg, S.E. Merry, S.-J. Park, & J. Mugler (Eds.), The World of Indicators: The Making of Governmental Knowledge through Quantification (pp. 1–33). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316091265
Samimian-Darash, L. & Rabinow, P. (Eds.). (2015). Modes of Uncertainty: Anthropological Cases. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226257242.001.0001
United Nations. (2016). Protecting Humanity from Future Health Crises: Report of the High-level Panel on the Global Response to Health Crises. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/822489
US Office of Defense Mobilization. (1957). Mobilization Plan D-Minus.
US Office of Emergency Planning. (1964). The National Plan for Emergency Preparedness.
Washington Post. (2020). Opinion: The U.S. Was Supposed to Be Equipped to Handle a Pandemic. So What Went Wrong? The Washington Post, 26 December. https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-us-was-supposed-to-be-equipped-to-handle-a-pandemic-so-what-went-wrong/2020/12/24/021ec42c-453f-11eb-975c-d17b8815a66d_story.html
White House. (1957). Cabinet Paper: Operation Alert 1957. The White House, 20 May. https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/finding-aids/pdf/who-oss/cabinet-minutes-series.pdf
White House. (2016). Executive Order: Advancing the Global Health Security Agenda to Achieve a World Safe and Secure from Infectious Disease Threats. The White House, 4 November. https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/DCPD-201600752
White House Homeland Security Council. (2005). National Strategy for Pandemic Influenza. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/pdf/pandemic-influenza-strategy-2005.pdf
World Health Organization. (2005). International Health Regulations. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241580496
World Health Organization. (2007). World Health Report 2007: A Safer Future: Global Public Health Security in the 21^st^ Century. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/43713
World Health Organization. (2013). IHR Core Capacity Monitoring Framework: Checklist and Indicators for Monitoring Progress in the Development of IHR Core Capacities. https://extranet.who.int/sph/ihr-core-capacity-monitoring-framework-checklist-and-indicators-monitoring-progress-development-ihr
World Health Organization. (2016a). Implementation of the International Health Regulations (2005): Report of the Review Committee on the Role of the International Health Regulations (2005) in the Ebola Outbreak and Response: Report by the Director-General 13 May. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/252676
World Health Organization. (2016b). Joint External Evaluation Tool: International Health Regulations (2005). https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/204368/9789241510172_eng.pdf;sequence=1
Yong, E. (2020). How the Pandemic Defeated America. The Atlantic, 4 August. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2020/09/coronavirus-american-failure/614191/
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Andrew Lakoff
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.