The Time of the Smartwatch: Taking Care or Wasting Time?

Authors

  • Letizia Zampino Department of Social Sciences and Economics, Sapienza University of Rome https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9011-2652

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.1971-8853/14188

Keywords:

Self-tracking, Smartwatches, Self-care practices, Wearable technologies, Conciliation

Abstract

The aim of this article — drawing on qualitative methodology — is to enlarge self-tracking studies, thus to problematise the management of time required to produce reliable and interpretable data. To do so, the essay explores the contamination between self-tracking literature and feminist technoscientific studies, focusing on the digital time enacted by the domestication practices of smartwatches, configured to be simultaneously both time-tracking devices and wearable self-tracking technologies. In the era when Google and Apple manage our well-being, is producing reliable data through smartwatches a waste of time? Or could it be a time to take care of yourself? Qualitative interviews have been carried out to investigate how women appropriate their digital time clocks by experiencing flexible and subjective time as well as strategies to balance self-care time with work and family time. Accordingly, the analysis is presented in two parts. The first section shows how self-tracking habits can become a waste of time by configuring underuse practices. The second section analyses how smartwatches become allies in the processes of re-appropriation of body self-knowledge in the lifetime of women who have to reconcile time for themselves with time for family and work.

References

Adam, B. (1992). Modern Times: The Technology Connection and Its Implications for Social Theory. Time & Society, 1(2), 175–191. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X92001002003

Adam, B. (1995). Time Watch. The Social Analysis of Time. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Akrich, M. (1992). The De-scription of Technical Objects. In W.E. Bijker & J. Law (Eds.), Shaping Technology/Building Society: Studies in Sociotechnical Change (pp. 205–224). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Algera, E. (2023). Knowing (with) the Body: Sensory Knowing in Contraceptive Self‐tracking. Sociology of Health & Illness, 45(2), 242–258. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9566.13570

Åsberg, C., & Lykke, N. (2010). Feminist Technoscience Studies. European Journal of Women’s Studies, 17(4), 299–305. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350506810377692

Clarke, A.E., Shim, J.K., Mamo, L., Fosket, J.R., & Fishman, J.R. (2003). Biomedicalization: Technoscientific Transformations of Health, Illness, and U.S. Biomedicine. American Sociological Review, 68(2), 161–194. https://doi.org/10.2307/1519765

Clarke, A.E. (2014). Biomedicalization. In W.C. Cockerham, R. Dingwall & S.R. Quah (Eds.), The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Health, Illness, Behavior, and Society (pp. 137–142). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Crawford, K., Lingel, J., & Karppi, T. (2015). Our Metrics, Ourselves: A Hundred Years of Self-Tracking from the Weight Scale to the Wrist Wearable Device. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 18(4–5), 479–496. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367549415584857

Dolezal, L., & Oikkonen, V. (2021). Introduction: Self-tracking, Embodied Differences, and Intersectionality. Catalyst: Feminism, Theory, Technoscience, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.28968/cftt.v7i1.35273

Durkheim, E. (1912). Les formes élémentaires de la vie religieuse. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.

Elias, N. (1984). Über die Zeit. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.

Elshtain, J.B. (1981). Public Man, Private Woman: Women in Social and Political Thought. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Espeland, W.N., & Stevens, M.L. (2008). A Sociology of Quantification. European Journal of Sociology/Archives Européennes de Sociologie, 49(3), 401–436. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003975609000150

Fox, S., & Spektor, F. (2021). Hormonal Advantage: Retracing Exploitative Histories of Workplace Menstrual Tracking. Catalyst: Feminism, Theory, Technoscience, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.28968/cftt.v7i1.34506

Gasparini, G. (2000). La dimensione sociale del tempo. Milano: Franco Angeli.

Gherardi, S. (2016). Sociomateriality in Posthuman Practice Theory. In A. Hui, T. Schatzki & E. Shove (Eds.), The Nexus of Practices (pp. 50–63). London: Routledge.

Gherardi, S. (2019). How to Conduct a Practice-Based Study: Problems and Methods. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

Gorz, A. (1988). Métamorphoses du travail: quête du sens. Paris: Galilée.

Grenfell, P., Tilouche, N., Shawe, J., & French, R.S. (2021). Fertility and Digital Technology: Narratives of Using Smartphone App “Natural Cycles” While Trying to Conceive. Sociology of Health & Illness, 43(1), 116–132. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9566.13199

Haraway, D.J. (1988). Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective. Feminist Studies, 14(3), 575–599. https://doi.org/10.2307/3178066

Haraway, D.J. (2016). Staying With the Trouble: Making Kin in the Chthulucene. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

Hassard, J. (1990). Introduction: The Sociological Study of Time. In J. Hassard (Ed.), The Sociology of Time (pp. 1–18). London: Palgrave Macmillan.

ISTAT (2023). Rapporto BES 2022: il benessere equo e sostenibile in Italia. Italian National Institute of Statistics. https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/282920

Kline, R., & Pinch, T. (1996). Users as Agents of Technological Change: The Social Construction of the Automobile in the Rural United States. Technology and Culture, 37(4), 763–795. https://doi.org/10.2307/3107097

Kristeva, J. (1981). Women’s Time. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 7(1), 13–35. https://doi.org/10.1086/493855

Law, J. (2004). After Method: Mess in Social Science Research. London: Routledge.

Leccardi, C. (1996). Rethinking Social Time: Feminist Perspectives. Time & Society, 5(2), 169–186. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X96005002003

Leccardi, C. (2009). Sociologie del tempo: soggetti e tempo nella società dell’accelerazione. Roma: Laterza.

Lupton, D. (2015). Digital Sociology. London: Routledge.

Lupton, D. (2018). “I Just Want It to Be Done, Done, Done!” Food Tracking Apps, Affects, and Agential Capacities. Multimodal Technologies and Interaction, 2(2), 29. https://doi.org/10.3390/mti2020029

Lupton, D. (2019) Data Selves: More-Than-Human Perspectives. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Lupton, D. (2020). The Sociology of Mobile Apps. In D. Rohlinger & S. Sobieraj (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Sociology and Digital Media (pp. 197–218). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Mazur, J. (2020). The Clock Mirage: Our Myth of Measured Time. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Magaudda, P., & Piccioni, T. (2019). Practice Theory and Media Infrastructures: “Infrastructural Disclosures” in Smartphone Use. Sociologica, 13(3), 45–58. https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.1971-8853/9469

Pantzar, M., & Ruckenstein, M. (2015). The Heart of Everyday Analytics: Emotional, Material and Practical Extensions in Self-tracking Market. Consumption Markets & Culture, 18(1), 92–109. https://doi.org/10.1080/10253866.2014.899213

Pink, S., & Fors, V. (2017). Self-tracking and Mobile Media: New Digital Materialities. Mobile Media & Communication, 5(3), 219–238. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050157917695578

Pink, S., Sumartojo, S., Lupton, D., & Heyes La Bond, C. (2017). Mundane Data: The Routines, Contingencies and Accomplishments of Digital Living. Big Data & Society, 4(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951717700924

Polanyi, M. (2002). Personal Knowledge. London: Routledge.

Ribeiro, R., & Collins, H. (2007). The Bread-Making Machine: Tacit Knowledge and Two Types of Action. Organization Studies, 28(9), 1417–1433. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840607082228

Schüll, N. (2016). Data for Life: Wearable Technology and the Design of Self-care. BioSocieties, 11, 317–333. https://doi.org/10.1057/biosoc.2015.47

Shim, J.K., & Clarke, A.E. (2009). Medicalizzazione e biomedicalizzazione rivisitate: tecno-scienze e trasformazioni di salute, malattia e biomedicina. Salute e società, 2, 223–257. https://doi.org/10.3280/SES2009-002014

Silverstone, R. & Hirsch, E. (1992) (Eds.). Consuming Technologies: Media and Information in Domestic Spaces. London: Routledge.

van Dijck, J. (2014). Datafication, Dataism and Dataveillance: Big Data between Scientific Paradigm and Ideology. Surveillance & Society, 12(2), 197–208. https://doi.org/10.24908/ss.v12i2.4776

van Dijck, J., Poell, T., & De Waal, M. (2018). The Platform Society: Public Values in a Connective World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Zampino L. (2019). Self-tracking Technologies and the Menstrual Cycle: Embodiment and Engagement with Lay and Expert Knowledge. Tecnoscienza: Italian Journal of Science & Technology Studies, 10(2), 31–52. https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.2038-3460/17441

Downloads

Published

2023-12-12

How to Cite

Zampino, L. (2023). The Time of the Smartwatch: Taking Care or Wasting Time?. Sociologica, 17(2), 131–147. https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.1971-8853/14188

Issue

Section

Essays