A Pandemic of Prediction: On the Circulation of Contagion Models between Public Health and Public Safety

Authors

  • Maximilian Heimstädt Weizenbaum Institute http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2786-8187
  • Simon Egbert Department of Sociology, Technische Universität Berlin http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3729-0393
  • Elena Esposito Department of Political and Social Sciences, University of Bologna; Faculty of Sociology, Bielefeld University (Germany)

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.1971-8853/11470

Keywords:

pandemic, COVID_19, prediction, risk, contagion, health care, safety, predictive policing, contact tracing

Abstract

Digital prediction tools increasingly complement or replace other practices of coping with an uncertain future. The current COVID-19 pandemic, it seems, is further accelerating the spread of prediction. The prediction of the pandemic yields a pandemic of prediction. In this paper, we explore this dynamic, focusing on contagion models and their transmission back and forth between two domains of society: public health and public safety. We connect this movement with a fundamental duality in the prevention of contagion risk concerning the two sides of being-at-risk and being-a-risk. Both in the spread of a disease and in the spread of criminal behavior, a person at risk can be a risk to others and vice versa. Based on key examples, from this perspective we observe and interpret a circular movement in three phases. In the past, contagion models have moved from public health to public safety, as in the case of the Strategic Subject List used in the policing activity of the Chicago Police Department. In the present COVID-19 pandemic, the analytic tools of policing wander to the domain of public health – exemplary of this movement is the cooperation between the data infrastructure firm Palantir and the UK government’s public health system NHS. The expectation that in the future the predictive capacities of digital contact tracing apps might spill over from public health to policing is currently shaping the development and use of tools such as the Corona-Warn-App in Germany. In all these cases, the challenge of pandemic governance lies in managing the connections and the exchanges between the two areas of public health and public safety while at the same time keeping the autonomy of each.

References

Abboud, L., & Miller, J. (2020). French Give Cool Reception to Covid-19 Contact-Tracing App. Financial Times, June 23. https://www.ft.com/content/255567d5-b7ec-4fbe-b8a9-833b3a23f665

Akers, T.A. & Lanier, M.M. (2009). “Epidemiological Criminology”: Coming Full Circle. American Journal of Public Health, 99(3), 397–402. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2008.139808

Akers, T.A., Potter, R.H. & Hill, C.V. (2013). Epidemiological Criminology. A Public Health Approach to Crime and Violence. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Artan, Y., Haider, M.A., Langer, D.L., van der Kwast, T.H., Evans, A.J., Yang, Y., Wernick, M.N., Trachtenberg, J., & Yetik, I.S. (2010). Prostate Cancer Localization with Multispectral MRI Using Cost-Sensitive Support Vector Machines and Conditional Random Fields. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 19(9), 2444–2455. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.2010.2048612

Bebenburg, P. (2020). Datenschützer in Sorge: Polizei in Hessen greift auf Corona-Listen aus Restaurants zu. Frankfurter Rundschau, July 25. https://www.fr.de/rhein-main/corona-hessen-polizei-gaestelisten-restaurant-bar-straftaten-datenschutz-13843569.html

Beerheide, R., & Krüger-Brand, H.E. (2020). Corona-Warn-App: Neustart mit dezentraler Lösung. Deutsches Ärzteblatt, 117(19), A979–A981. https://www.aerzteblatt.de/archiv/213861/Corona-Warn-App-Neustart-mit-dezentraler-Loesung

BKA (2017). Presseinformation: Neues Instrument zur Risikobewertung von potentiellen Gewaltstraftätern. Online Document, February 2. https://www.bka.de/DE/Presse/Listenseite_Pressemitteilungen/2017/Presse2017/170202_Radar.html

Bock, K., Kühne, C.R., Mühlhoff, R., Ost, M.R., Pohle, J., & Rehak, R. (2020). Data Protection Impact Assessment for the Corona App. Preprint. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3588172

Böckler, N., Allwinn, M., Hoffmann, J., Zick, A. (2017). Früherkennung von islamistisch motivierter Radikalität. Kriminalistik, 71(8–9), 497–503.

Boeri, T., & Perotti, R. (2020). È nato con tre errori. Il nuovo call center non salverà Immuni. La Repubblica, November 1. https://rep.repubblica.it/pwa/generale/2020/10/31/news/e_nato_con_tre_errori_il_nuovo_call_center_non_salvera_immuni-272578269/

Braun, H., & Spahn, J. (2020). Erklärung von Kanzleramtsminister Helge Braun und Bundesgesundheitsminister Jens Spahn zur Tracing-App. Online Document, April 26. https://www.bundesgesundheitsministerium.de/presse/pressemitteilungen/2020/2-quartal/tracing-app.html

Brayne, S. (2017). Big Data Surveillance: The Case of Policing. American Sociological Review, 82(5), 977–1008. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122417725865

Brown, J. (2019). How is the Government Implementing a “Public Health Approach” to Serious Violence? House of Commons Library, July 22. https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/home-affairs/crime/how-is-the-government-implementing-a-public-health-approach-to-serious-violence/

Bryant, K.M. (2014). Chicago School of Criminology. In J. Mitchell Miller (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Theoretical Criminology. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118517390.wbetc186

Buermeyer, U. (2020). Google und Apple haben Bundesregierung Weg gewiesen. Interview by Jörg Münchenberg for Deutschlandfunk, April 27. https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/datenschutzexperte-zur-corona-app-google-und-apple-haben.694.de.html

Bundesregierung (2020). Kontaktketten digital identifizieren. Online Document, April 6. https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-de/themen/coronavirus/corona-app-1738516.

Butchart, A., & Emmett, T. (2000). Crime, Violence and Public Health. In T. Emmett & A. Butchart (Eds.), Behind the Mask. Getting to Grips with Crime and Violence in South Africa (pp. 3–28). Pretoria: HSRC Press.

Canca, C. (2020). Why “Mandatory Privacy-Preserving Digital Contact Tracing” is the Ethical Measure against COVID-19. Medium, April 10. https://medium.com/@cansucanca/why-mandatory-privacy-preserving-digital-contact-tracing-is-the-ethical-measure-against-covid-19-a0d143b7c3b6

Chapman, L. (2020). Palantir’s New “Driving Thrust”: Predicting Coronavirus Outbreaks. Bloomberg News, April 2. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-04-02/coronavirus-news-palantir-gives-away-data-mining-tools

Chiusi, F. (2020). Automated Decision-Making Systems in the COVID-19 Pandemic: A European Perspective. Algorithm Watch. Automating Society Report 2020. https://algorithmwatch.org/en/project/automating-society-2020-covid19/

Cohen, G., & Graver H.S. (2017). Cops, Docs, and Code: A Dialogue Between Big Data in Health Care and Predictive Policing. UCDL Rev, 51, 437–474. https://lawreview.law.ucdavis.edu/issues/51/2/Symposium/51-2_Cohen_Graver.pdf

Cressey, D.R. (1960). Epidemiology and Individual Conduct: A Case from Criminology. The Pacific Sociological Review, 3(2), 47–58. https://doi.org/10.2307/1388200

Criddle, C., & Kelion, L. (2020). Coronavirus Contact-Tracing: World Split Between Two Types of App. BBC News, May 7. https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-52355028

Crocker, A., Opsahl, K., & Cyphers, B. (2020). The Challenge of Proximity Apps For COVID-19 Contact Tracing. Electronic Frontier Foundation, April 10. https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2020/04/challenge-proximity-apps-covid-19-contact-tracing

Dachwitz, I. (2020). Grüne legen Gesetzentwurf für Corona-Warn-App vor. Netzpolitik.org, June 17. https://netzpolitik.org/2020/gruene-legen-gesetzentwurf-fuer-corona-warn-app-vor/

Deutscher Bundestag (2017). Instrument des Bundeskriminalamtes zur Risikobewertung potentieller islamistischer Gewalttäter. Drucksache 18/13422, July 28. https://dip21.bundestag.de/dip21/btd/18/134/1813422.pdf

Dix, A. (2020). Die deutsche Corona Warn-App — ein gelungenes Beispiel für Privacy by Design? Datenschutz und Datensicherheit, 44(12), 779–785. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11623-020-1366-1

Egbert, S. (2019). Predictive Policing and the Platformization of Police Work. Surveillance & Society, 17(1/2), 83–88. https://doi.org/10.24908/ss.v17i1/2.12920

Egbert, S., & Krasmann, S. (2019). Predictive Policing: Not Yet, but Soon Preemptive? Policing and Society, 0(0), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2019.1611821

Egbert, S., & Leese, M. (2021). Criminal Futures: Predictive Policing and Everyday Police Work. Abingdon: Routledge.

Esposito, E. (2020). Unpredictability. In N.B. Thylstrup, D. Agostinho, A. Ring, C. D’Ignazio & K. Veel (Eds.), Uncertain Archives (pp. 533–540). Cambridge: MIT Press.

Ewald, F. (1991). Insurance and Risk. In G. Burchell, C. Gordon & P. Miller (Eds.), The Foucault Effect (pp. 197–210). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Faye, M. (2016). Cogent Calculations. IIT Magazine, Fall 2016, 13–15. https://magazine.iit.edu/fall-2016/cogent-calculations

Fährmann, J., & Arzt, C. (2020). Polizeilicher Umgang mit personenbezogenen Daten in der Corona-Pandemie. Datenschutz und Datensicherheit, 44(12), 801–805. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11623-020-1370-5

Ferguson, A.G. (2017). The Rise of Big Data Policing: Surveillance, Race, and the Future of Law Enforcement. New York: New York University Press.

Ferretti, L., Wymant, C., Kendall, M., Zhao, L., Nurtay, A., Abeler-Dörner, L., Parker, M., Bonsall, D., & Fraser, C. (2020). Quantifying SARS-CoV-2 transmission suggests epidemic control with digital contact tracing. Science, 368(6491), eabb6936. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abb6936

Fink, R. (2020). In Crisis Response, Answer the Simple Questions First. Palantir Blog, March 30. https://medium.com/palantir/in-crisis-response-answer-the-simple-questions-first-a7f04da9e786

Forum InformatikerInnen für Frieden und gesellschaftliche Verantwortung (FIfF) (2020). Offener Brief: Geplante Corona-App ist höchst problematisch. Online Document, April 24. https://www.fiff.de/presse/coronaappproblematisch

Foucault, M. (1977). Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. New York: Random House.

Fourcade, M., & Healy, K. (2017). Seeing like a Market. Socio-Economic Review, 15(1), 9–29. https://doi.org/10.1093/ser/mww033

French, M., & Monahan, T. (2020). Dis-ease Surveillance: How Might Surveillance Studies Address COVID-19? Surveillance & Society, 18(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.24908/ss.v18i1.13985

Fuchs, F. (2020). Polizei nutzt Corona-Gästelisten für Ermittlungen. Süddeutsche Zeitung, July 15. https://www.sueddeutsche.de/bayern/bayern-polizei-gaestelisten-corona-1.4966622

Fussell, S., & Knight, W. (2020). The Apple-Google Contact Tracing Plan Won’t Stop Covid Alone. Wired, April 14. https://www.wired.com/story/apple-google-contact-tracing-wont-stop-covid-alone/

Gardner, A. (2020). Contact-tracing apps: there’s no evidence they’re helping stop COVID-19. The Conversation, October 21. https://theconversation.com/contact-tracing-apps-theres-no-evidence-theyre-helping-stop-covid-19-148397

Gentithes, M., & Krent, H.J. (2020). Pandemic Surveillance. The New Predictive Policing. Constitutional Law, 12(1), 57–74. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3681962

Gould, M., Joshi, I., & Tang, M. (2020). The Power of Data in a Pandemic. Technology in the NHS Blog, March 28. https://healthtech.blog.gov.uk/2020/03/28/the-power-of-data-in-a-pandemic/

Green, B., Horel, T., & Papachristos, A.V. (2017). Modeling Contagion Through Social Networks to Explain and Predict Gunshot Violence in Chicago, 2006 to 2014. JAMA Internal Medicine, 177(3), 326–333. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.8245

Greenberg, A. (2020). Does Covid-19 Contact Tracing Pose a Privacy Risk? Your Questions, Answered, Wired, April 17. https://www.wired.com/story/apple-google-contact-tracing-strengths-weaknesses/

Guerrera, A. (2020). Difetti Tecnici e Dubbi Sulla Privacy. Le App Contro il Covid Sono un Flop. La Repubblica, June 25. https://rep.repubblica.it/pwa/generale/2020/06/24/news/dal_giappone_alla_francia_difetti_tecnici_e_dubbi_sulla_privacy_le_app_contro_il_virus_sono_un_flop-260103367/

Hardy, Q. (2014). Unlocking Secrets, if Not Its Own Value. The New York Times, June 1. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/01/business/unlocking-secrets-if-not-its-own-value.html

Heimstädt, M., & Dobusch, L. (2020). Transparency and Accountability: Causal, Critical and Constructive Perspectives. Organization Theory, 1(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/2631787720964216

Hollywood, J.S. (2016). CPD’s “Heat List” and the Dilemma of Predictive Policing. Crain’s Chicago Business, September 19. https://www.rand.org/blog/2016/09/cpds-heat-list-and-the-dilemma-of-predictive-policing.html

Howell O’Neill, P. (2020). Bluetooth Contact Tracing Needs Bigger, Better Data. MIT Technology Review, April 22. https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/04/22/1000353/bluetooth-contact-tracing-needs-bigger-better-data/

IIT (Illinois Institute of Technology) (2019). Crime and Victimization Model. Online Document, n.d.. https://home.chicagopolice.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/FACT-SHEET-Crime-and-Victimization-Risk-Model-1.pdf

Jahnel, T., Gerhardus, A., & Wienert, J. (2020). Digitales Contact Tracing: Dilemma zwischen Datenschutz und Public Health Nutzenbewertung. Datenschutz und Datensicherheit, 44(12), 786–790. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11623-020-1367-0

Johnson, G.F. (2015). Special Order S10-05: Customs Notifications in Chicago. Online Document, October 6. http://directives.chicagopolice.org/directives/data/a7a57bf0-1456faf9-bfa14-570a-a2deebf33c56ae59.html

Johnson, G.F. (2019). Special Order S09-11: Subject Assessment and Information Dashboard (SAID), Strategic Subject List (SSL) Dashboard. Online Document, July 9. http://directives.chicagopolice.org/directives/data/a7a57b85-155e9f4b-50c15-5e9f-7742e3ac8b0ab2d3.html

Kaufmann, M., Egbert, S., & Leese, M. (2019). Predictive Policing and the Politics of Patterns. British Journal of Criminology, 59(3), 674–692. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azy060

Kekulé, A. (2020). Wege aus dem Lockdown. Zeit Online, March 26. https://www.zeit.de/wissen/gesundheit/2020-03/coronavirus-quarantaene-lockdown-ausgangssperre-alternative-pandemie-alexander-kekule

Kitchin, R. (2020). Civil Liberties or Public Health, or Civil Liberties and Public Health? Using Surveillance Technologies to Tackle the Spread of COVID-19. Space and Polity. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562576.2020.1770587

Knight, E., & Gekker, A. (2020). Mapping Interfacial Regimes of Control: A Qualitative Analysis of America’s Post-9/11 Security Technology Infrastructure. Surveillance & Society, 18(2), 231–243. https://doi.org/10.24908/ss.v18i2.13268

Kucharski, A. (2020). The Rules of Contagion. Why Things Spread — and Why They Stop. London: Profile Books.

Kump, P., Alonso, D.H., Yang, Y., Candella, J., Lewin, J., & Wernick M.N. (2016). Measurement of Repeat Effects in Chicago’s Social Network. Applied Computing and Informatics, 12(2), 154–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aci.2016.01.002

Laaff, M. (2020). Moment, wie viel Infizierte soll ich getroffen haben? Zeit Online, October 8. https://www.zeit.de/digital/mobil/2020-10/corona-warn-app-infektion-kontakte-warnungen-smartphone

Lammerant, H., & de Hert, P. (2016). Predictive Profiling and its Legal Limits: Effectiveness Gone Forever. In B. van der Sloot, D. Broeders, & E. Schrijvers (Eds.), Exploring the Boundaries of Big Data (pp. 145–173). Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.

Leszczynski, A., & Zook, M. (2020). Viral Data. Big Data & Society, 7(2), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951720971009

Lewis, P., Conn, D., & Pegg, D. (2020). UK Government Using Confidential Patient Data in Coronavirus Response. The Guardian, April 12. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/12/uk-government-using-confidential-patient-data-in-coronavirus-response

Lipari, J.L. (2020). Advisory Concerning the Chicago Police Department’s Predictive Risk Models. Report of the Public Safety Section of The Office of Inspector General, January 23. https://igchicago.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/OIG-Advisory-Concerning-CPDs-Predictive-Risk-Models-.pdf

Luhmann, N. (1991). Soziologie des Risikos. Berlin-New York: de Gruyter.

Luhmann, N. (1997). Die Gesellschaft der Gesellschaft. Frankfurt a.M.: Suhrkamp.

Lum, K., & Isaac, W. (2016). To Predict and Serve? Significance, 13(5), 14–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-9713.2016.00960.x

Luna, R. (2020). Vespignani “Immuni non va. Deve diventare un’app utile e aiutarci a fare subito il test.” La Repubblica, October 20. https://www.repubblica.it/cronaca/2020/10/20/news/vespignani_immuni_non_va_deve_diventare_un_app_utile_e_aiutarci_a_fare_subito_il_test_-271175941/

McCarthy, G.F. (2015). Custom Notifications in Chicago. Special Order S10-05. Chicago Police Department, October 6. http://directives.chicagopolice.org/directives/data/a7a57bf0-1456faf9-bfa14-570a-a2deebf33c56ae59.html

Merkel, A. (2020). Fernsehansprache von Bundeskanzlerin Angela Merkel. Online Document, March 18. https://www.bundesregierung.de/resource/blob/975232/1732182/d4af29ba76f62f61f1320c32d39a7383/fernsehansprache-von-bundeskanzlerin-angela-merkel-data.pdf

Meyer, P.U. (2020). Vorwurf: Hamburger Polizei missbraucht Corona-Gästelisten. Hamburger Abendblatt, August 2. https://www.abendblatt.de/hamburg/kommunales/article229986006/Restaurants-Gaestelisten-Polizei-Hamburg-Allgemeinverordnung-Corona-Virus-Datenschutz-Missbrauch-Datenklau.html

Moore, M.H. (1995). Public Health and Criminal Justice Approaches to Prevention. Crime and Justice, 19, 237–262. https://doi.org/10.1086/449232

Morrison, S. (2020a). Apple and Google Look Like Problematic Heroes in the Pandemic. Vox, April 16. https://www.vox.com/recode/2020/4/16/21221458/apple-google-contact-tracing-app-coronavirus-covid-privacy

Morrison, S. (2020b). Minnesota Law Enforcement Isn’t “Contact Tracing” Protesters, Despite an Official’s Comment. Vox, June 1. https://www.vox.com/recode/2020/6/1/21277393/minnesota-protesters-contact-tracing-covid-19

Müller, K. (2020). Corona-Warn-App: “Aus Freiwilligkeit darf kein Zwang werden”. Verbraucherzentrale Bundesverband, June 15. https://www.vzbv.de/pressemitteilung/corona-warn-app-aus-freiwilligkeit-darf-kein-zwang-werden

Müller-Török, R., & Prosser, A. (2020). It’s the Statistics, Stupid! Behörden Spiegel, 36(9), 30. https://www.hs-ludwigsburg.de/fileadmin/user_upload/200902_BehoerdenSpiegel_Corona-Warn-App.pdf

Nature (2020). Editorial: Show Evidence that Apps for COVID-19 Contact-Tracing are Secure and Effective. Nature, 580, 563. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-01264-1

Neuerer, D. (2020). Verbraucherschützer zweifeln an der Freiwilligkeit der Corona-App. Handelsblatt, June 16. https://www.handelsblatt.com/politik/international/warn-app-verbraucherschuetzer-zweifeln-an-der-freiwilligkeit-der-corona-app/25918552.html

Nicas, J., & Wakabayashi, D. (2020). Apple and Google Team Up to “Contact Trace” the Coronavirus. The New York Times, April 10. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/10/technology/apple-google-coronavirus-contact-tracing.html

NIJ (National Institute of Justice) (2011). Chicago Police Predictive Policing Demonstration and Evaluation Project: Phase 2. Funding & Awards. NIJ Website, September 11. https://nij.ojp.gov/funding/awards/2011-ij-cx-k014

O’Malley, D. (2020). CPD’s Response to OIG Advisory Concerning Predictive Risk Models. Online Document, January 7. https://igchicago.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/CPD-Response-to-OIG-Advisory-on-Predictive-Risk-Models.pdf

Osel, J. (2020). Innenminister Herrmann verteidigt Corona-Gästelisten. Süddeutsche Zeitung, July 19. https://www.sueddeutsche.de/bayern/corona-bayern-gaestelisten-polizei-herrmann-1.4971971

Otto, F. (2020). Aus dem Lockdown gedrängt. Zeit Online, May 6. https://www.zeit.de/politik/deutschland/2020-05/coronakrise-lockerungen-beschluesse-bund-laender-gipfel-angela-merkel

Palantir (2012). Palantir 101. Palantir’s Youtube Channel, August 31. https://youtu.be/e6OebM0dQ8g

Palantir (2013). Palantir at the Los Angeles Police Department. Palantir’s Youtube Channel, January 25. https://youtu.be/aJ-u7yDwC6g

Palantir (2014). Bringing Order to Chaos with Team Rubicon in the Wake of Hurricane Sandy [Part II]. Palantir’s Youtube Channel, April 14. https://youtu.be/V38JzJ1oMms

Parker, M.J., Fraser, C., Abeler-Dörner, L., & Bonsall, D. (2020). Ethics of Instantaneous Contact Tracing Using Mobile Phone Apps in the Control of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Medical Ethics, 46(7), 427–431. https://doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2020-106314

Papachristos, A.V., Wildeman, C., & Roberto, E. (2015). Tragic, but not Random: The Social Contagion of Nonfatal Gunshot Injuries. Social Science & Medicine, 125, 139–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.01.056

Papachristos, A.V., Braga, A., & Hureau, D. (2012). Social Networks and the Risk of Gunshot Injury. Journal of Urban Health, 89(6), 992–1003. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-012-9703-9

Randt, J. (2020). Bremer Polizei nutzt Gastronomie-Gästelisten. Weser Kurier, August 1. https://www.weser-kurier.de/bremen/bremen-stadt_artikel,-bremer-polizei-nutzt-gastronomiegaestelisten-_arid,1926295.html

Rayport, J. (1996). The Virus of Marketing. Fast Company, December 31. https://www.fastcompany.com/27701/virus-marketing

Reingle Gonzalez, J.M. (2015). Epidemiological Criminology. In W.G. Jennings (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of Crime and Punishment. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.

Rivero, N. (2020). Global Contact Tracing App Downloads Lag Behind Effective Levels. Quartz, July 15. https://qz.com/1880457/global-contact-tracing-app-downloads-lag-behind-effective-levels/

RKI (Robert-Koch-Institut) (2020a). So funktioniert die Corona-Warn-App im Detail. Online Document, July 21. https://www.rki.de/DE/Content/InfAZ/N/Neuartiges_Coronavirus/WarnApp/Funktion_Detail.pdf

RKI (Robert-Koch-Institut) (2020b). Kennzahlen zur Corona-Warn-App. Online Document, November 12. https://www.rki.de/DE/Content/InfAZ/N/Neuartiges_Coronavirus/WarnApp/Archiv_Kennzahlen/Kennzahlen_13112020.pdf?__blob=publicationFile

Rosenbach, M., & Schmergal, C. (2020). Viel Aufwand, wenig Nutzen. Spiegel Online, September 18. https://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/corona-warn-app-viel-aufwand-wenig-nutzen-a-00000000-0002-0001-0000-000173100112

Rushkoff, D. (1994). Media Virus! Hidden Agendas in Popular Culture. New York: Ballantine Books.

Sandvik, K.B. (2020). “Smittestopp”: If you want your freedom back, download now. Big Data & Society, 7(2), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951720939985

Saunders, J., Hunt, P., & Hollywood, J.S. (2016). Predictions Put into Practice: A Quasi-Experimental Evaluation of Chicago’s Predictive Policing Pilot. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 12(3), 347–371. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-016-9272-0

Scheffer, T., Howe C., Kiefer E., Negnal D., & Porsché, Y. (2017). Polizeilicher Kommunitarisms. Eine Praxisforschung urbaner Kriminalprävention. Frankfurt: Campus.

Singer, N. (2020). Virus-Tracing Apps Are Rife with Problems. Governments Are Rushing to Fix Them. The New York Times, July 8. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/08/technology/virus-tracing-apps-privacy.html

Sloane, M., & Fox Cahn A. (2020). Today’s COVID-19 Data Will Be Tomorrow’s Tools of Oppression. The Daily Beast, April 1. https://www.thedailybeast.com/todays-covid-19-data-will-be-tomorrows-tools-of-oppression

Sonka, C., Meier, H., Rossegger, A., Endrass, J., Profes, V., Witt, R., Sadowski, F. (2020). RADAR-iTE 2.0: Ein Instrument des polizeilichen Staatsschutzes. Kriminalistik, 74(6), 386–392.

Stark, D. (2020). Testing and Being Tested in Pandemic Times. Sociologica, 14(1): 67–94. https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.1971-8853/10931

Steinberger, M. (2020). Does Palantir See Too Much? The New York Times, October 21. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/10/21/magazine/palantir-alex-karp.html

Stroud, M. (2014). The Minority Report: Chicago's New Police Computer Predicts Crimes, but is it Racist? The Verge, February 19. https://www.theverge.com/2014/2/19/5419854/the-minority-report-this-computer-predicts-crime-but-is-it-racist

Suliak, H. (2020). Datenschutzrechtlich völlig unklar. Legal Tribune Online, May 11. https://www.lto.de/recht/nachrichten/n/restaurants-gaststaetten-oeffnung-kontaktdaten-namensliste-corona-unsicherheit-nrw-niedersachsen-baden-wuerttemberg/

The Police Foundation (2019). Public Health Approaches to Crime Prevention and the Role of the Police. Online Document, January. http://www.police-foundation.org.uk/2017/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Public-health-approaches-to-crime-prevention-and-the-role-of-the-police-FINAL-PUBLISHED.pdf

Thiel, P., & Masters, B. (2014). Zero to One: Notes on Startups, or How to Build the Future. New York: Random House.

Thunberg, A.M., Nowak, K., & Rosengren K.E. (1982). Communication and Equality. Stockholm: Almquist and Wicksell.

Vaughan, A. (2020). We Still Don’t Know How Effective the NHS Contact-Tracing App Will Be. New Scientist, May 4. https://www.newscientist.com/article/2242609-we-still-dont-know-how-effective-the-nhs-contact-tracing-app-will-be/

Yee, W.Y. (2020). Coronavirus: More Need to Use Contact Tracing App for It to Be Effective. The Strait Times, May 1. https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/more-need-to-use-contact-tracing-app-for-it-to-be-effective

Waldman, P., Chapman, L., & Robertson, L. (2018). Palantir Knows Everything About You. Bloomberg Businessweek, April 19. https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2018-palantir-peter-thiel/

Warrell, H., & Neville, S. (2020). UK in Talks with Palantir over Test-and-Trace Programme. Financial Times, November 3. https://www.ft.com/content/6f6575a8-799f-42a4-b1cc-3f7452b2166f

Winston, A. (2018). Palantir has Secretly Been Using New Orleans to Test its Predictive Policing Technology. The Verge, February 27. https://www.theverge.com/2018/2/27/17054740/palantir-predictive-policing-tool-new-orleans-nopd

Zahn, M., & Ludwig, G. (2020). Polizei nutzte Corona-Kontaktdaten in Einzelfällen. SWR Aktuell, July 22. https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/rheinland-pfalz/polizei-darf-corona-daten-fuer-strafrechtliche-ermittlungen-nutzen-100.html

Završnik, A. (2017). Algorithmic Crime Control. In A. Završnik (Ed.), Big Data, Crime and Social Control (pp. 131–153). Abingdon: Routledge.

Zuboff, S. (2019). The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power. London: Profile Books.

Downloads

Published

2021-01-29

How to Cite

Heimstädt, M., Egbert, S., & Esposito, E. (2020). A Pandemic of Prediction: On the Circulation of Contagion Models between Public Health and Public Safety. Sociologica, 14(3), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.1971-8853/11470